tatively, a breeding process in GA is to generate new

omes based on the existing elite chromosomes. There are mainly

ding operators which have been widely used in GA. They are the

operator and the crossover operator.

mutation operator is to generate a new chromosome based on a

te chromosome. For a binary chromosome shown in Figure 8.3,

n operator is to turn a binary value around. For instance, for the

ome (suppose it is an elite chromosome) shown in the upper panel

e 8.3, a mutation operation may generate a new chromosome

Figure 8.4, where ݔହ and ݔଵ଴ are removed by switching off two

eros and ݔଵ is included by switching on a zero to a one from the

mosome, leading to a new chromosome for a new system

on, which is ݂ሺݔଵ, ݔଷ, ݔ଼ሻ.

A new chromosome mutated from the upper chromosome from Figure 8.3.

rossover operator happens to two elite chromosomes to generate

chromosomes. For instance, two chromosomes shown in Figure

e used to generate two new chromosomes through the crossover

, supposing they are the elite chromosomes. To do the crossover

for these two elite chromosomes, a cutting point is required at

hich is commonly randomly determined. Suppose two

omes are labelled by A and B. The left part of the cutting point in

ome A is merged with the right part of the cutting point in

ome B to generate one new chromosome. The left part of the

oint in chromosome B is merged with the right part of the cutting

hromosome A to generate another new chromosome.

stance, a randomly selected cutting point is between the variables

଺ ^{as shown in Figure 8.5. After a crossover operation on these two}

mosomes based on the cutting point, two new chromosomes are

d. Two resulting chromosomes for two new system descriptions

ݔହ, ݔ଻ሻ and ݂ሺݔଶ, ݔସ, ݔ଼, ݔଵ଴ሻ.